Best Prepared – current undergraduates degrees prep adequate
Narrow, well-defined technical system problems
Technology – Automation of simple capabilities
Measurement – Productivity, Quality, Costs
Data Science and Analytics – Recommender Systems
Manufacturing systems and value creation (Goods-dominant logic)
Linear supply chains
Single discipline, well-defined problems
Artifact design and interface design
Change of simple processes

Least Prepared – current undergraduate degrees prep inadequate
Open-ended, ill-defined socio-technical system problems
Technology – Augmentation of human intelligence
Service systems and value cocreation (Service-dominant logic)
Highly interconnected supply networks
Multiple discipline, wicked problems
Service design and user experience design
Change of organizations and ecosystems