IBM established CSIG (Cognitive Systems Institute Group) to help faculty and students interested in learning more about the era of cognitive computing, and IBM’s platforms for teaching, research, and application development 0f cognitive components, systems, and applications.
It is easy to get involved in CSIG:
https://www.linkedin.com/groups/It-is-easy-get-involved-6729452.S.5955396461716844547
Also check out this website, for CSIG information and resource sharing:
Does anyone know of any good online service blueprinting tools?
Looking for something simple to capture basic service systems information, for example:
For example:
Name of Service System: _______________________
Roles: ________________________________________
Props: _________________________________________
Sequence: _____________________________________
In artificial intelligence research, Schank and Abelson referred to this as Scripts:
See script theory: http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/script-theory.html
For example, this is the type of information that would be gathered:
Name of Service System: _______________________
Restaurant
Roles: ________________________________________
Diner, Hostess, Waitress, Chef, Server, Clearer, Cashier
Props: _________________________________________
Building, Entry_Area, Dining_Room, Kitchen, Table, Chair, Menu, Tablecloth, Utensils, Salt_and_Pepper_Shakers, Food, Glass,Water, Credit_Card, Tip
Sequence: _____________________________________
Diner enters Restaurant
Hostess seats Diner at table in chair
Diner reviews Menu and makes selection
Waitress arrives and takes drink order
Waitress bring drink and bread_basket
Waitress takes order
Waitress gives order to Chef
Chef cooks order and places food on plate
Diner drinks water
Diner eats bread
Servers takes food to table
Server refills glass of water
Diner places napkin in lap
Diner picks up utensil
Diner tastes food
Dinner seasons food with Salt_and_Pepper_Shakers
Diner eats food
Waitress checks if everything is OK
Diner response everything is OK
Diner signals waitress he is finished
Waitress brings bill to table
Diner provides credit_card
Waitress takes credit_card to cashier
Cashier bills credit_card
Waitress returns credit_card to diner
Diner leaves tip
Diner leaves restaurant
Clearer clears table
From the previous post – many of MIT Concept Net 5 top ranked concepts are service systems – perhaps ISSIP.org – can add many new facts about service systems to this knowledge graph, if a service blueprinting tool allows such output:
[[‘place’, 458623], [‘person’, 372535], [‘company’, 35486], [‘town’, 33524], [‘educational_institution’, 32907], [‘airport’, 9858], [‘stadium’, 6050], [‘airline’, 2658], [‘museum’, 2590], [‘community_group’, 2223], [‘hospital’, 2086], , [‘public_transit_system’, 2056], [‘non-profit_organisation’, 2052], ,[‘government_agency’, 1990], [‘shop_mall’, 1834], [‘trade_union’, 1274], , [‘non-profit_organization’, 1252], [‘municipality’, 1239], [‘home’, 1201], [‘power_station’, 1196], [‘family’, 1131], [‘sport_league’, 1116], [‘state’, 1068], [‘hotel’, 1054]
Or these:
[[‘place’, 458623], [‘person’, 372535], [‘populate_place’, 314554], [‘settlement’, 282695], [‘organisation’, 147159], ], [‘village’, 82999], [‘company’, 35486], [‘town’, 33524], [‘educational_institution’, 32907], [‘mean_of_transportation’, 31604], [‘administrative_region’, 27698], [‘populate_area’, 15714], [‘business’, 15284], [‘unite_state’, 15121], [‘airport’, 9858], [‘organization’, 9776], [‘educational_organization’, 8820], [‘privately_hold_company’, 7548], [‘census-designated_place’, 6263], [‘california’, 6131], [‘stadium’, 6050], [‘private_school’, 3858], [‘new_york’, 3841], [‘khuzestan_province’, 3787], [‘country’, 3725], [‘canada’, 3550], [‘public_university’, 3432], , [‘unite_kingdom’, 3225], [‘china’, 2724], [‘airline’, 2658], [‘germany’, 2635], [‘museum’, 2590], [‘community_group’, 2223], [‘hospital’, 2086], [‘private_university’, 2081], [‘public_transit_system’, 2056], [‘non-profit_organisation’, 2052], [‘village/n/united_states’, 2047], [‘government_agency’, 1990], [‘shop_mall’, 1834], [‘shop_center’, 1585], [‘house’, 1558], [‘trade_union’, 1274], , [‘non-profit_organization’, 1252], [‘municipality’, 1239], [‘home’, 1201], [‘power_station’, 1196], [‘family’, 1131], [‘earth’, 1124], [‘sport_league’, 1116], [‘lighthouse’, 1092], [‘state’, 1068], [‘hotel’, 1054]
Here are the 1054 knowledge triples for ‘hotel’ – there is lots of room for improvement:
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep_and_shower’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep_overnight’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep_while_away_from_home’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_night_in_it’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘rest’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘hold_seminar’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_to_get_some_food_while_travel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_to_rest_while_on_vacation’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_over’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘maid_who_clean_room’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘many_hotel_room’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘swim_pool’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bellhop’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘chair’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘elevator’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘food’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘high_price’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘touristic_area’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘linux’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘maid’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘mouthwash’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘pillow_case’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘pool’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘revolve_door’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘room_key’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘room_service’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘something’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘swim_pool’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘terrace_rail’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘wing’, ‘hotel’]
[‘NotHasA’, ‘mall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘bellboy/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘boarder/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘boniface/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘capsule_hotel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘chasseur/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘check-in/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘checkout/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘overnight_sleep’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep_place’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_overnight’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘temporary’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘house_detective/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘house_dick/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘motel/a’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘powder_room/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘summer’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘twin/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘view’, ‘hotel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘store_person’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘temporary_home’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bar_service’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘book’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘check_in_desk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘grind_floor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hairdryer’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘any_tropical_paradise_that_can_be_exploit’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘laundry_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘lobby’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘sleep’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘sofa_bed’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘table’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘taxi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘towel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘trash_can’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘check_in/v’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘check_out/v’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘dine_room/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘fonduk/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘commercial’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘fancy’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘holiday’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘resort’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_there’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘tourist_city’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotelward/r’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘passkey/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘resort_fee/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘twin_room/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘motel/_/hotel_building’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘athelete’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘eat_place’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘entryway’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hide-a-bed_sofa’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘large_overprice_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘phone_book’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘reception’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘school’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘sex’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘television’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘american_breakfast/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘bed’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hall_porter/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘host/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hostel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hostelry/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘inn’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘overnight’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘lady_lounge/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘motel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘nonguest/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘visitor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘wake-up_call/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Antonym’, ‘lodge’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bar_of_soap’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bed’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bidet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘coffee’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘concierge’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘disco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘guest’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hooker’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hospitality’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘la_vega’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘resort’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘house’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘litle_soap’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘lodge’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘luggage’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘minibar’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘porter’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘reception_desk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘second_floor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘shower_curtain’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘someone’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘stair’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘terrorist’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘hotel’, ‘hostel’]
[‘HasProperty’, ‘hotel’, ‘expensive’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘bell_captain/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘breakout/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘conference’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘first_class/a’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘commercial_house’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘eagle_song’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘guest’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘guest_room’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘song’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_holiday’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘megahotel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘multihotel/a’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘rack_rate/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘rate’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘reserve’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘commercial_lodge_organisation’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘hotel_build’, ‘hotel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘hold_meet’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_to_camp_out_while_you_be_rest_from_travel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_to_sleep’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘sleep_in’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘accommodation’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘balcony’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bar’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bathroom’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bed_sheet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bible’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘carpet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘cat’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘computer’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘front_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘gift_shop’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘good_food’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘it’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘little_soap’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘passageway’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘pee’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘prostitute’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘restaurant_dine_area’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘sheet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘shower_stall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘telephone_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘tire_person’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘bellhop/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘boatel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘concierge/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘condo-hotel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘full_board/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘guest/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘city’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘many_room’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘person_stay’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotelkeeping/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘miscellaneous_charge_order/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘property’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘regency’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘strip/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘conference’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_overnight’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘alcohol’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bake_pan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bathroom_with_toilet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘beverage_service’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘businessmen’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘cotton_fiber’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘any_city_with_airport’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘city’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘human’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘kitchen’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘luggage_carrier’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘maid_service’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘muscle’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘outer_space’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘plane’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘separate_shower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘stapler’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘suitcase’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘suite’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘telephone_book’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘vacant_room’, ‘hotel’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘check_in_desk’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘front_desk’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘lobby_on_first_floor’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘affair’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘apartotel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘baby_listen/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘boot/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘botel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘dormitory’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘fountain’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘accommodation’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘build’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘house’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘motel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘place’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘minibar/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘nonhotel/a’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘suite’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘commercial_lodge_organization’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘bed_away_from_home’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘have_sex’]
[‘UsedFor’, ‘hotel’, ‘stay_away_from_home’]
[‘Antonym’, ‘camp’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bathroom_drawer’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘bottle_wine’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘buffet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘checkin_desk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘clean_lady’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘clerk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘cocktail_cabinet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘desk_clerk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘front_desk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘hotel’, ‘a’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘luggage_trolley’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘miniature_soap_and_shampoo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘night_table’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘passage’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘pen’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘place_to_stay’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘reception_area’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘restaurant’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘restaurant_table’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘serve_cart’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘serve_trolley’, ‘hotel’]
[‘AtLocation’, ‘toilet’, ‘hotel’]
[‘HasA’, ‘hotel’, ‘lobby’]
[‘PartOf’, ‘lobby’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘bar’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘dock/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘double_room/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘fleabag/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘floatel/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘but_posh’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘concierge’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘maid’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘person’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘rent_room’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘residence’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘temporary_residence’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotel’, ‘there’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotelier/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘hotellike/a’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘kennel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘minshuku/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘plaza’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘registration/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘room_service/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘ski_lodge/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘valet/n’, ‘hotel’]
[‘RelatedTo’, ‘where_can_i_find_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘Synonym’, ‘inn/_/hotel_building’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘aparthotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘autohotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘hotelkeeping’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘boatel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘condotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘hotellike’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘flotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘nonhotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘CapableOf’, ‘hotel’, ‘spoil_look_of_holiday_destination’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘botel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘love_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘floatel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘horeca’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘motel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘CapableOf’, ‘hotel’, ‘book_room’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘hotelwide’, ‘hotel’]
[‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, ‘megahotel’, ‘hotel’]
Plus a lot of examples of hotels:
[‘IsA’, ’21c_museum_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ’42_call/n/hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘707_17th_street’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘abbey_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘abraj_al_bait’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘academy/n/hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘al_rasheed_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘alaska_build’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘amangalla’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘aulani’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘avari_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘beau-rivage_geneva’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘belmont_house/n/montevideo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘berkeley’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘britannia_adelphi_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘camelback_inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘canyon_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘carlton_hotel/n/atascadero,_california’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘casapueblo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ch\\xc3\\xa2teau_laurier’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘citygate_ecotower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘clift’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘congress_hall/n/cape_may_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘connaught/n/hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘copacabana_hotel_resid\\xc3\\xaancia’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘corinthia_hotel_tripoli’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘courtyard_by_marriott_pune’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘covent_garden_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘crowne_plaza_glasgow’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘drake_hotel/n/toronto’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘duke_of_edinburgh_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ’empire_landmark_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘eventi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘excelsior_hotel_ernst’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_dubai’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_pacific_rim’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘francisco_grande’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘franklin_hotel_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fullerton_hotel_singapore’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘gallery_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_imperial_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_lisboa’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_oasis_palace_de_muro’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grange_holborn_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grosvenor_house_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hermosa_inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_portland_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_san_diego_bayfront’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_ambacang’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_astoria/n/copenhagen’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_bringu\\xc3\\xa9’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_bristol/n/oslo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_capri/n/havana’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_casin\\xc3\\xb2_uaddan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_cirta’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_congress’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_icon’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_le_majestic’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_montgomery’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_nikko_guam’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_ross’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_russell’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_san_carlos/n/phoenix’, ‘hotel’]
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[‘IsA’, ‘dom-hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dorchester’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dorint_hotel_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dryburgh_abbey_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘egerton_grey_country_house_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_royal_pavilion/n/resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fisherman_cove’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘flitwick_manor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘four_season_hotel_hong_kong’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘four_season_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘garden_hotel_guangzhou’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘gaylord_national_resort_convention_center’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘gran_hotel/n/palma’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel/n/oslo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel/n/taipei’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel_tripoli’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hyatt_new_york’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grande_bretagne’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘green_tree_inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘heetal_plaza_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘herod_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_glasgow_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘artifact_type_by_function’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘nice_place_to_spend_vacation’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_where_you_sleep’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_de_l_europe/n/amsterdam’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_druk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_gl\\xc3\\xb3ria’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_imperial’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_kangerlussuaq’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_landmark_canton’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_macdonald’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_mehran’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_newfoundland’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_vatel_and_spa’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hyatt_regency_albuquerque’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hyatt_regency_houston’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hyatt_regency_san_francisco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hydro_majestic_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘h\\xc3\\xb4tel_le_bristol_paris’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘h\\xc3\\xb4tel_montana’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inter_continental_manila’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inter_continental_muscat’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘international_dateline_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jin_mao_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jumeirah_essex_house’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jw_marriott_bogot\\xc3\\xa1’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jw_marriott_shanghai’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘kempinski_hotel_ajman’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘langham_place_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘le_meridien_mariador_palace’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘le_m\\xc3\\xa9ridien_san_francisco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mandarin_oriental_paris’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mandarin_oriental_singapore’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mansion_on_o_street’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘marbella_club_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘marriott_grande_vista’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘marriott_west_india_quay’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mauna_kea_beach_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘meet_hotel_leeds’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘milford_plaza_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘millennium_madejski_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘millennium_tower/n/las_vegas’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘moresby_hall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘muna_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘m\\xc3\\xb6venpick_hotel_ramallah’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘nansloe_manor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘nara_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘new_yorker_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘northeast_asia_trade_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘oberoi_hotel_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘old_bank_hotel_oxford’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘oriental_hotel/n/kobe,_japan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘penally_abbey’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘peninsula_chicago’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘pennyhill_park_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘radisson_royal_hotel_moscow’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘raffle_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘renaissance_kota_bharu_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ritz_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘rogner_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘rosa_grand’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘rose_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘royalton_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘selsdon_park_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘settha_palace_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_club_de_pin_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘something_you_find_downtown’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘swiss\\xc3\\xb4tel_krasnye_holmy_moscow’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘tibesti_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘tower_verre’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘villa_marina_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘w_san_francisco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_bonaventure_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_peachtree_plaza_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_san_francisco_market_street’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘windamere_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘winecoff_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘1717_broadway’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘al_deira_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘artisan_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘atlantis_palm’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘austria_classic_hotel_wien’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘baltimore_marriott_waterfront_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘bedford_hotel/n/brighton’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘bell_tower_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘beverly_hill_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘bintan_agro_beach_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘blake_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘boca_raton_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘bogot\\xc3\\xa1_marriott_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘buckingham_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘burj_al_alam’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘cally_palace’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘capital_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘carbis_bay_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘celtic_manor_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘charlotte_street_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘conrad_centennial_singapore’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘damenlou_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘digby_pine_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dog_bark_park_inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘don_ce_sar’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘donegana_hotel_montreal’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dragon_hill_lodge’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dubai_tower_doha’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dunstane_house’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ’empress_hotel/n/new_jersey’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_acapulco_princess’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_beijing’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fairmont_palliser_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘federal_kuala_lumpur’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘forbury_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘full_moon_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘glenapp_castle’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel_sofia’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grange_city_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘harbo_rcenter’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘harvey_cedar_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hay\\xe2\\x80\\x93_adam_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hedonism_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_san_francisco_financial_district’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_washington’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hockley_highland_inn’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hot_pads.com’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_africana’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_ambo_mundos/n/havana’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_charlottetown’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_continental_oslo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_d_angleterre’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_equatoria’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_grand_chancellor_launceston’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_kenney’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_organization’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_royal_christiania’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_sisimiut’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_ureka’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘imperial_royale_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inn_at_perry_cabin’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inter_continental_toronto_centre’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘island_shangri-la_hong_kong’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jamaica_pegasus_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jumeirah_emirate_tower_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jupiter_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘keio_plaza_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘landmark_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘langham_place_new_york’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘lao_plaza_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘le_pavillon_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘london_hilton_on_park_lane’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘loola_adventure_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘maesmawr_hall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘manchester_grand_hyatt_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mandarin_oriental_bangkok’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mandarin_oriental_hyde_park_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘mardan_palace’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘may_fair’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘milad_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘millennium_biltmore_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘new_york_marriott_marquis’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘nh_grand_hotel_krasnapolsky’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘nickelodeon_suite_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘oberoi_trident’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘palazzo_versace_australia’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘peebles_hydro’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘peninsula_tokyo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘pu_li_hotel_and_spa’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘renaissance_dallas_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘royal_victoria_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheikhpura_kothi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_ankara’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_hotel_and_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_park_tower_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_tirana_hotel_and_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sofitel_macau_at_ponte_16’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘temple_garden_mineral_spa_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘three_crown_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘tipton_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_palace_milan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_paris’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_westminster’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘wrest_point_hotel_casino’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ’22_jermyn_street’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘995_fifth_avenue’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ambasador_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ambassador-monaco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘american_hotel_amsterdam’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘andaz_west_hollywood’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘astoria_palace_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘bab_el_bahr_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘badrutt_palace_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘banyan_tree_bintan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘basin_harbor_club’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘boston_harbor_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘carimar_beach_club’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘cavendish_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘central_hotel/n/glasgow’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘chase_park_plaza’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘chedi_muscat’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘churchill_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘clarion_hotel_limerick’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘copthorne_hotel_cardiff’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘courthouse_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘courtyard_by_marriott_hyderabad’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘crowne_plaza_liverpool_john_lennon_airport_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dariush_grand_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘devigarh’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘don_chan_palace’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘dronninglund_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘el-djazair’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘farhat_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fort_garry_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘four_point_by_sheraton_niagara_fall’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘four_season_resort_hualalai’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘fujiya_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘gaylord_opryland_resort_convention_center’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘george_hotel_crawley’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘golden_cloud’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel_benghazi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hotel_birmingham’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hyatt_cairo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grand_hyatt_hong_kong’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘grandhotel_pupp’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hilton_walt_disney_world’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘holt_hotel/n/oxfordshire’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘big_than_breadbox’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘build’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel’, ‘place_to_stop_by’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_bahia/n/malabo’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_bel-air’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_carter_manhattan’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_de_art’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_de_paris’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_el-aurassi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_grand_chancellor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_habana_riviera’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_inglaterra’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_jumolhari’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_nacional_de_cuba’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_panafrica’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_pyr\\xc3\\xa9n\\xc3\\xa9es’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_sacher’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_tobruk’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘hotel_zianides’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘h\\xc3\\xb4tel_de_crillon’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘h\\xc3\\xb4tel_george-v’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ice_hotel/n/quebec’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ilikai’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘imperial_botanical_beach_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘imperial_new_delhi’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inter_continental_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘inter_continental_san_francisco’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ishtar_sheraton_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jefferson_hotel/n/richmond,_virginia’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jumeirah_beach_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jw_marriott_mumbai’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘jw_marriott_san_francisco_union_square’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘kampala_intercontinental_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘la_li_t_hotel_palace_and_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘lainston_house’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘langham_hotel_london’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘le_v’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘limketkai_hotel_and_resort’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘lloyd_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘loews_vanderbilt_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘lovat_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘maple_leaf_square’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘marriott_at_key_center’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘marshall_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘masindi_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘midtown_grand’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘miri_marriott_resort_spa’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘miskin_manor’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘north_west_castle’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘ocean_house_rhode_island’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘one_aldwych’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘one_devonshire_garden’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘one_wall_centre’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘paramount_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘peninsula_bangkok’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘peninsula_new_york’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘rio_othon_palace’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘royal_cliff_hotel_group’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘royal_hawaiian_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘royal_horseguards_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘rufflets_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘shanker_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_aleppo_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_d\\xc3\\xbcsseldorf_airport_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sheraton_waikiki_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘sorrento_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘south_lodge_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘stanford_court_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘thistle_atlantic_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘townhouse_designhotel_maastricht’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘us_flagship_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘vdara’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘west_athens_tower’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘westin_st._francis’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘william_penn_hotel’, ‘hotel’]
[‘IsA’, ‘wyndham_grand_chelsea_harbour’, ‘hotel’]
I ran into Henry Lieberman (MIT) at AAAI15 conference on Artificial Intelligence/Robotics/CognitiveScience (AI/Robotics/CogSci). Below you can find some code to manipulate MIT ConceptNet5 with application to O*NET the Department of Labors database of occupations (nearly 1000) broken down into tasks and many other useful items. Just download the data sets – takes 10-15 minutes, and use the code below, or email me and I can send it to you…
See very bottom below for goal of this exercise:
print(“Congratulations! You have program access to O*NET occupations and tasks dictionaries!”)
Henry suggested that I check out MIT’s ConceptNet5 (http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu/), which can be thought of as a large collection of facts. The facts have been collected from many sources, some more reliable than others, so rather than call them facts, we should really call them assertions that people have made about the world. A lot of the assertions are simple commonsense – for example, “an apple is a fruit.” However, to make all these assertions useful to artificial intelligence programmers and others, the assertions have been encoded in ConceptNet5 in a special computer readable format; and so one would write something like [/r/IsA, /c/en/apple, /c/en/fruit], where /r/ says what comes next is a relation, and /c/en/ says what comes next is an English concept.
So ConceptNet5 contains over 10 million assertions, and about 7 million of those assertions are in English. There are 50 relations, and 2,798,486 English concepts. As a graph, just the English part is about 3 million nodes and 7 millon edges or arcs connecting them. That is a pretty big graph or network.
Anyone who wants the latest version of ConceptNet5 can download it from here: http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu/downloads/v5.3/
I downloaded the CSV version, and wrote a simple Python program to help me peer inside.
Here is what I found:
Here are the 50 relations that I found, and how frequently they are used to connect to English concepts:
[[‘IsA’, 4762459], [‘RelatedTo’, 1114866], [‘PartOf’, 613269], [‘AtLocation’, 321706], [‘EtymologicallyDerivedFrom’, 192612], [‘DerivedFrom’, 93861], [‘Synonym’, 84240], [‘UsedFor’, 40596], [‘CapableOf’, 33082], [‘HasSubevent’, 23730], [‘Antonym’, 23173], [‘HasPrerequisite’, 21821], [‘HasProperty’, 17446], [‘Causes’, 16279], [‘MotivatedByGoal’, 14079], [‘MemberOf’, 10770], [‘SimilarTo’, 10121], [‘ReceivesAction’, 9354], [‘HasA’, 8615], [‘HasContext’, 7862], [‘InstanceOf’, 7584], [‘DefinedAs’, 5641], [‘CausesDesire’, 4515], [‘Desires’, 4471], [‘NotDesires’, 3755], [‘HasFirstSubevent’, 3727], [‘wordnet/adjectivePertainsTo’, 3309], [‘TranslationOf’, 2781], [‘HasLastSubevent’, 2690], [‘NotCapableOf’, 2542], [‘wordnet/adverbPertainsTo’, 2520], [‘MadeOf’, 1906], [‘NotHasProperty’, 1003], [‘Attribute’, 560], [‘CreatedBy’, 444], [‘NotIsA’, 420], [‘NotHasA’, 366], [‘Entails’, 356], [‘DesireOf’, 237], [‘InheritsFrom’, 156], [‘SymbolOf’, 144], [‘LocatedNear’, 83], [‘wordnet/participleOf’, 53], [‘LocationOfAction’, 40], [‘NotMadeOf’, 21], [‘SimilarSize’, 8], [‘CompoundDerivedFrom’, 2], [‘NotCauses’, 1], [‘HasPainIntensity’, 1], [‘HasPainCharacter’, 1]]
Here are the top 400 English concepts I found:
[[‘place’, 458623], [‘person’, 372535], [‘populate_place’, 314554], [‘settlement’, 282695], [‘specie’, 160865], [‘eukaryote’, 157531], [‘organisation’, 147159], [‘athlete’, 135201], [‘animal’, 115268], [‘musical_work’, 92150], [‘architectural_structure’, 91854], [‘album’, 90849], [‘village’, 82999], [‘soccer_player’, 58769], [‘build’, 56700], [‘artist’, 53704], [‘film’, 52730], [‘infrastructure’, 46068], [‘insect’, 44132], [‘plant’, 39688], [‘natural_place’, 39221], [‘company’, 35486], [‘town’, 33524], [‘educational_institution’, 32907], [‘single’, 31946], [‘mean_of_transportation’, 31604], [‘write_work’, 30422], [‘administrative_region’, 27698], [‘musical_artist’, 27183], [‘body_of_water’, 26173], [‘office_holder’, 23408], [‘band’, 22847], [‘school’, 22698], [‘software’, 22422], [‘book’, 22403], [‘mollusca’, 21282], [‘broadcaster’, 21169], [‘ship’, 20790], [‘politician’, 20651], [‘event’, 20319], [‘route_of_transportation’, 20076], [‘river’, 19185], [‘stream’, 18402], [‘television_show’, 17129], [‘military_person’, 17021], [‘populate_area’, 15714], [‘station’, 15424], [‘business’, 15284], [‘unite_state’, 15121], [‘video_game’, 14993], [‘radio_station’, 14910], [‘road’, 14699], [‘city’, 13956], [‘baseball_player’, 13709], [‘fish’, 13337], [‘unincorporated_area’, 13231], [‘sport_team’, 12992], [‘actor’, 12893], [‘soccer_club’, 12705], [‘university’, 12412], [‘bird’, 12239], [‘gridiron_football_player’, 11465], [‘planet’, 11404], [‘mountain’, 11187], [‘writer’, 10916], [‘protein’, 10795], [‘military_unit’, 10352], [‘site’, 10312], [‘scientist’, 10246], [‘device’, 10230], [‘airport’, 9858], [‘organization’, 9776], [‘club’, 9386], [‘movie’, 9302], [‘musical_composition’, 9278], [‘periodical_literature’, 9274], [‘flower_plant’, 9222], [‘live_thing’, 9018], [‘fowl’, 8859], [‘greenery’, 8851], [‘township’, 8831], [‘computer_game’, 8821], [‘educational_organization’, 8820], [‘watercourse’, 8818], [‘military_personnel’, 8806], [‘tv_show’, 8754], [‘musical_performer’, 8746], [‘underspecified_location’, 8734], [‘software_object’, 8730], [‘music_single’, 8726], [‘soccer_manager’, 8689], [‘ice_hockey_player’, 8686], [‘self-powered_vehicle’, 8671], [‘single-broadcast_tv_show’, 8464], [‘lake’, 8436], [‘military_conflict’, 8389], [‘mammal’, 8318], [‘troop’, 8224], [‘car_engine’, 8174], [‘street’, 8168], [‘football_player’, 7790], [‘facility’, 7768], [‘mollusk’, 7663], [‘masovian_voivodeship’, 7563], [‘privately_hold_company’, 7548], [‘cricketer’, 7546], [‘fungus’, 7462], [‘soccer_coach’, 7407], [‘fictitious_character’, 7265], [‘conflict’, 7255], [‘fictional_character’, 7055], [‘rugby_player’, 6897], [‘state_school’, 6772], [‘drug’, 6758], [‘car’, 6753], [‘chemical_compound’, 6744], [‘chemical_substance’, 6398], [‘amphibian’, 6277], [‘aircraft’, 6273], [‘census-designated_place’, 6263], [‘american_football_player’, 6245], [‘television_episode’, 6244], [‘reptile’, 6149], [‘california’, 6131], [‘stadium’, 6050], [‘disease’, 5777], [‘television_station’, 5679], [‘cleric’, 5623], [‘language’, 5461], [‘non-‘, 5339], [‘-ly’, 5310], [‘british_royalty’, 5143], [‘protect_area’, 5045], [‘great_poland_voivodeship’, 5036], [‘model_airplane’, 4961], [‘public_company’, 4789], [‘clergyman’, 4783], [‘historic_place’, 4730], [‘newspaper’, 4658], [‘song’, 4592], [‘un-‘, 4569], [‘sport_event’, 4567], [‘cartoon_character’, 4457], [‘weapon’, 4415], [‘member_of_parliament’, 4306], [‘illness’, 4289], [‘comic_character’, 4285], [‘college_coach’, 4250], [‘geographical_region’, 4250], [‘\\xc5\\x82\\xc3\\xb3d\\xc5\\xba_voivodeship’, 4187], [‘township/n/united_states’, 4087], [‘private_school’, 3858], [‘-ness’, 3843], [‘automobile’, 3843], [‘new_york’, 3841], [‘khuzestan_province’, 3787], [‘basketball_player’, 3746], [‘country’, 3725], [‘lublin_voivodeship’, 3706], [‘mineral’, 3691], [‘anatomical_structure’, 3642], [‘royal_family’, 3616], [‘warmian-masurian_voivodeship’, 3603], [‘podlaskie_voivodeship’, 3588], [‘canada’, 3550], [‘body_part’, 3505], [‘musical_composition_song’, 3496], [‘election’, 3433], [‘public_university’, 3432], [‘village_development_committee’, 3389], [‘wisconsin’, 3334], [‘razavi_khorasan_province’, 3322], [‘ohio’, 3315], [‘human_settlement’, 3231], [‘manager’, 3228], [‘unite_kingdom’, 3225], [‘academic_journal’, 3179], [‘someone’, 3164], [‘pomeranian_voivodeship’, 3145], [‘pennsylvania’, 3139], [‘west_virginia’, 3080], [‘england’, 3071], [‘minnesota’, 3034], [‘west_pomeranian_voivodeship’, 3033], [‘kuyavian-pomeranian_voivodeship’, 2979], [‘magazine’, 2975], [‘bridge’, 2954], [‘island’, 2935], [‘extend_play’, 2933], [‘civil_township’, 2916], [‘christian_bishop’, 2901], [‘indiana’, 2900], [‘illinois’, 2883], [‘studio_album’, 2862], [‘historic_build’, 2837], [‘texas’, 2827], [‘something’, 2806], [‘sale_contract’, 2797], [‘florida’, 2757], [‘china’, 2724], [‘-ite’, 2712], [‘you’, 2670], [‘india’, 2659], [‘airline’, 2658], [‘germany’, 2635], [‘cyclist’, 2618], [‘arachnid’, 2606], [‘museum’, 2590], [‘lorestan_province’, 2587], [‘commune_of_romania’, 2584], [‘oxygen’, 2577], [‘-er’, 2553], [‘saint’, 2553], [‘michigan’, 2505], [‘low_silesian_voivodeship’, 2503], [‘human’, 2487], [‘political_party’, 2485], [‘skyscraper’, 2483], [‘name’, 2458], [‘new_york_city’, 2453], [‘live_album’, 2449], [‘london’, 2443], [‘water’, 2440], [‘food’, 2377], [‘kerman_province’, 2368], [‘governor’, 2360], [‘president’, 2303], [‘australian_rule_football_player’, 2295], [‘game’, 2266], [‘wrestler’, 2254], [‘community_group’, 2223], [‘-like’, 2211], [‘bishop’, 2184], [‘website’, 2168], [‘\\xc5\\x9bwi\\xc4\\x99tokrzyskie_voivodeship’, 2147], [‘activity’, 2135], [‘crustacean’, 2091], [‘play’, 2086], [‘hospital’, 2086], [‘locomotive’, 2083], [‘private_university’, 2081], [‘action’, 2074], [‘martial_artist’, 2066], [‘public_transit_system’, 2056], [‘non-profit_organisation’, 2052], [‘village/n/united_states’, 2047], [‘monarch’, 2039], [‘mixed-sex_education’, 2034], [‘-less’, 2023], [‘gaelic_game_player’, 2022], [‘municipality_of_brazil’, 2021], [‘municipality_of_switzerland’, 2006], [‘give_name’, 1991], [‘government_agency’, 1990], [‘australia’, 1979], [‘moon’, 1941], [‘manga’, 1932], [‘comic_creator’, 1925], [‘gmina’, 1914], [‘less_poland_voivodeship’, 1911], [‘supreme_court_of_unite_state_case’, 1903], [‘legal_case’, 1897], [‘subsidiary’, 1892], [‘japan’, 1892], [‘france’, 1889], [‘record_label’, 1876], [‘president_of_organization’, 1872], [‘high_school’, 1860], [‘reservoir’, 1847], [‘boxer’, 1845], [‘shop_mall’, 1834], [‘compilation_album’, 1831], [‘golf_player’, 1830], [‘child’, 1816], [‘hydrogen’, 1811], [‘kentucky’, 1810], [‘ontario’, 1784], [‘tennis_player’, 1782], [‘congressman’, 1782], [‘virginia’, 1775], [‘journalist’, 1762], [‘horse’, 1755], [‘tamil_nadu’, 1733], [‘prime_minister’, 1733], [‘judge’, 1710], [‘hormozgan_province’, 1708], [‘castile_and_le\\xc3\\xb3n’, 1708], [‘dog’, 1707], [‘unite_state_representative’, 1690], [‘podkarpackie_voivodeship’, 1664], [‘iowa’, 1643], [‘time’, 1641], [‘mountain_range’, 1632], [‘work’, 1624], [‘south_khorasan_province’, 1617], [‘figure_skater’, 1615], [‘styria/n/slovenia’, 1608], [‘shop_center’, 1585], [‘district_of_peru’, 1580], [‘bone’, 1576], [‘park’, 1568], [‘low_carniola’, 1563], [‘music’, 1559], [‘house’, 1558], [‘anti-‘, 1550], [‘new_jersey’, 1545], [‘criminal’, 1539], [‘railway_line’, 1524], [‘tree’, 1524], [‘-able’, 1502], [‘oregon’, 1499], [‘kansa’, 1499], [‘spain’, 1497], [‘sound’, 1478], [‘central_province_sri_lanka’, 1475], [‘iron’, 1473], [‘man’, 1469], [‘-eth’, 1467], [‘protein_molecule’, 1465], [‘this’, 1463], [‘-est’, 1443], [‘municipality_of_spain’, 1443], [‘italy’, 1435], [‘wood’, 1419], [‘write’, 1413], [‘missouri’, 1409], [‘body’, 1406], [‘metal’, 1404], [‘cell’, 1403], [‘salt’, 1382], [‘dance’, 1381], [‘adult_actor’, 1350], [‘karnataka’, 1342], [‘light’, 1338], [‘crater’, 1332], [‘computer’, 1331], [‘woman’, 1329], [‘football_match’, 1325], [‘lubusz_voivodeship’, 1324], [‘paint’, 1322], [‘-y’, 1322], [‘eye’, 1313], [‘it’, 1306], [‘head’, 1297], [‘republika_srpska’, 1287], [‘lunar_crater’, 1278], [‘west_bengal’, 1277], [‘trade_union’, 1274], [‘silesian_voivodeship’, 1264], [‘i’, 1254], [‘non-profit_organization’, 1252], [‘money’, 1243], [‘color’, 1239], [‘municipality’, 1239], [‘cat’, 1236], [‘eat’, 1233], [‘model’, 1230], [‘wind’, 1223], [‘north_carolina’, 1221], [‘genus’, 1220], [‘philosopher’, 1208], [‘home’, 1201], [‘andhra_pradesh’, 1200], [‘flower’, 1200], [‘like’, 1199], [‘power_station’, 1196], [‘markazi_province’, 1186], [‘drink’, 1183], [‘musical’, 1179], [‘paper’, 1178], [‘good’, 1174], [‘product’, 1173], [‘los_angeles’, 1171], [‘opole_voivodeship’, 1167], [‘norway’, 1162], [‘municipality_of_mexico’, 1138], [‘race_car_driver’, 1131], [‘family’, 1131], [‘award’, 1128], [‘toronto’, 1125], [‘earth’, 1124], [‘sport_league’, 1116], [‘hand’, 1109], [‘washington_d._c’, 1101], [‘oklahoma’, 1100], [‘lighthouse’, 1092], [‘arkansas’, 1090], [‘point’, 1090], [‘massachusetts’, 1088], [‘township/n/pennsylvania’, 1088], [‘party’, 1079], [‘line’, 1075], [‘northeast_region_brazil’, 1073], [‘infantry’, 1070], [‘state’, 1068], [‘new_england_town’, 1059], [‘hotel’, 1054], [‘bed’, 1049], [‘mayor’, 1046], [‘plate’, 1045]]
If you want to do the same, here are some tips:
Just create a file named “foo.py” in your Mac’s “Documents” folder to contain this:
# === Step 1 begin
# File “foo.py” should contain this code
# Google(“python comments”) – https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/introduction.html
# Comments are # for one-line, triple quotes for multi-line
print(“”)
print(“Step 1 begin”)
# Install Python – in Applications folder on Mac
# Google (“python mac install”) – https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/
# Download and install latest version – Latest Python 3 Release – Python 3.4.2
# Start IDLE – in Applications folder on Mac, under Python folder double-click IDLE
# In IDLE, type “import foo” and recall “foo.py” is in your Mac documents folder
import os
import string
print(“”)
print(“Step 1 complete”)
print(“Congratulations! You have Python installed, launched IDLE, and imported foo.py”)
# === Step 1 complete
# === Step 2 begin
# Building a dictionary of relationships and concepts
# MIT ConceptNet5 was downloaded as CSV files
print(“”)
print(“Step 2 begin”)
global path2assertions, dictrelations, dictconcepts, listrelations, listconcepts
path2assertions = “/Users/username/Documents/MyPythonFoo/MITConceptNet5_assertions”
def ac_step2(p):
“AC = Assertion Curate function”
global dictrelations, dictconcepts, listrelations, listconcepts
dictrelations = {}
dictconcepts = {}
listrelations = []
listconcepts = []
files = 0
Total_assertions = 0
English_assertions = 0
for i in os.listdir(p): # loop through CSV files in MITConceptNet5_assertion path p
y = p + “/” + i
if not(os.path.isfile(y)):
print(“Need to curate assertions”,y)
files = files + 1
ff = open(y, mode = ‘rb’)
try:
while True:
x = ff.readline()
Total_assertions = Total_assertions + 1
if x != b”:
x = repr(x)
y1 = “[”
y2 = “]”
x1 = x.find(y1)
x2 = x.find(y2)
z = x[x1:x2+1]
z1 = z.find(“/c/en/”)
z2 = z.rfind(“/c/en/”)
if z1 > 0:
if not z1 == z2:
English_assertions = English_assertions + 1
w1 = z.find(“,”)
w2 = z.rfind(“,”)
r = z[1:w1]
r = r[3:len(r)-1]
e1 = z[w1+1:w2]
e1 = e1[6:len(e1)-1]
e2 = z[w2+1:len(z)-1]
e2 = e2[6:len(e2)-1]
b = [r,e1,e2]
# print(b)
if r in dictrelations:
c = dictrelations[r]
dictrelations[r] = c + 1
else:
dictrelations[r] = 1
if e1 in dictconcepts:
c = dictconcepts[e1]
dictconcepts[e1] = c + 1
else:
dictconcepts[e1] = 1
if e2 in dictconcepts:
c = dictconcepts[e2]
dictconcepts[e2] = c + 1
else:
dictconcepts[e2] = 1
else:
break
except UnicodeDecodeError:
print(“UnicodeDecodeError:”, y)
print(“Files:”,files,”Total Assertions:”, Total_assertions, “English_assertions”, English_assertions)
ff.close()
# create list from dictionary, and then sort the list
for i in dictrelations:
listrelations.append([i,dictrelations[i]])
listrelations.sort(key=lambda n: n[1], reverse=True)
print(“”)
print(“Number of unique relations =”, len(listrelations))
print(“Top 50 relations =”, listrelations[0:50])
for i in dictconcepts:
listconcepts.append([i,dictconcepts[i]])
listconcepts.sort(key=lambda n: n[1], reverse=True)
print(“”)
print(“Number of unique concepts =”, len(listconcepts))
print(“Top 400 conscepts =”, listconcepts[0:400])
ac_step2(path2assertions)
print(“”)
print(“Step 2 complete”)
print(“Congratulations! The MIT ConceptNet5 CSV files looks good”)
print(“Checked Folder: MyPythonFoo/MITConceptNet5_assertions”)
# === Step 2 complete
When you run “foo.py” in Python IDLE it will generate the information I described above, showing the relations and the English concept.
Have fun!!!
O*NET analysis code:
# Step 8 below
# === Step 8 begin
# Build occupation and task dictionary (BOTD)
# This is processing some O*NET data from http://www.onetcenter.org/database.html?p=2
# Download the data as a zip file that expands to a folder called db_19_0
# Rename the folder onet_db_19_0 and place it somewhere where you can process it
# The list of 900+ occuptions is in a file called “Occupation Data.txt”
# The list of 10 or so task descriptions for each occupation is in a file called “Task Statements.txt”
# Read in the two files and create a dictionary with all the information
# First test that the both files exist
#
# When ready to test this code….
# Under run menu, select check module and then run module
print(” “)
print(“Step 8 begin”)
# import os (operating system functions)
import os
# set x to the current working directory
# x = os.getcwd()
x = ‘/Users/jamesspohrer/Documents’
# x should be something like ‘/Users/jamesspohrer/Documents’
y = ‘/MyPythonRebuild/JimSpohrerOtherDataSets/onet_db_19_0’
z = x + y
# make sure the path exists to the O*NET directory
if os.path.exists(z):
print(“O*NET directory one_db_19_0 exists!”)
else:
print(“Error: O*Net directory one_db_19_0 not found!”)
# make sure the two files, occupations and tasks exist
f1 = z + ‘/Occupation Data.txt’
f2 = z + ‘/Task Statements.txt’
if os.path.isfile(f1):
print(“O*NET file /one_db_19_0/Occuption Data.txt exists!”)
else:
print(“Error:O*NET file /one_db_19_0/Occuption Data.txt does not exist!”)
if os.path.isfile(f2):
print(“O*NET file /one_db_19_0/Task Statements.txt exists!”)
else:
print(“Error:O*NET file /one_db_19_0/Task Statements.txt does not exist!”)
global path2onet
path2onet = z
global dictoccupation,listoccupation,dicttask,listtask
def botd_step8(p):
“botd_step8 = Build occupation dictionary”
global dictoccupation,dicttask,listoccupation
dictoccupation = {}
dicttask = {}
listoccupation = []
f1 = p + ‘/Occupation Data.txt’
f2 = p + ‘/Task Statements.txt’
ff1 = open(f1, mode = ‘r’, encoding=’utf-8′)
x = ff1.readline() # skip header line
y = 0
c1 = “\t”
occupation_code = 0
occupation_description = “”
try:
while True:
x = ff1.readline()
# if y > 20:
# print(“Line”, x)
# print(“dictoccupation length”, len(dictoccupation))
# break
y = y + 1
if x != “”:
# print(“Line:”,y,repr(x))
i1 = x.find(c1)
occupation_code = x[0:i1]
x = x[i1+1:]
i1 = x.find(c1)
occupation_title = x[0:i1]
x = x[i1+1:]
i1 = x.find(c1)
occupation_description = x[0:i1]
# print(occupation_code)
# print(occupation_title)
# print(occupation_description)
if occupation_code in dictoccupation:
z = dictoccupation[occupation_code]
z[0] = z[0] + 1
else:
dictoccupation[occupation_code] = [1,occupation_title,occupation_description]
else:
break
except UnicodeDecodeError:
print(“UnicodeDecodeError:”, y)
print(“Done with Occupation Data dictionary, number of occupations”,y-1)
ff1.close()
# create list from dictionary, and then sort the list
for i in dictoccupation:
listoccupation.append([i,dictoccupation[i][0]])
listoccupation.sort(key=lambda n: n[1], reverse=True)
ff2 = open(f2, mode = ‘r’, encoding=’utf-8′)
x = ff2.readline() # skip header line
y = 0
c1 = “\t”
occupation_code = 0
task_code = 0
task_description = “”
try:
while True:
x = ff2.readline()
# if y > 19494:
# print(“Line”, x)
# print(“dicttask length”, len(dicttask))
# break
y = y + 1
if x != “”:
# print(“Line:”,y,repr(x))
i1 = x.find(c1)
occupation_code = x[0:i1]
x = x[i1+1:]
i1 = x.find(c1)
task_code = x[0:i1]
x = x[i1+1:]
i1 = x.find(c1)
task_description = x[0:i1]
# print(occupation_code)
# print(task_code)
# print(task_description)
if task_code in dicttask:
z = dicttask[task_code]
z[0] = z[0] + 1
z[1] = z[1] + [occupation_code]
else:
dicttask[task_code] = [1,[occupation_code],task_description]
else:
break
except UnicodeDecodeError:
print(“UnicodeDecodeError:”, y)
print(“Done with Task Statements dictionary, number of tasks”,y-1)
ff2.close()
botd_step8(path2onet)
print(“”)
print(“Step 8 complete”)
print(“Congratulations! You have program access to O*NET occupations and tasks dictionaries!”)
# === Step 8 completed
This talk will provide a very brief introduction to service science and service-dominant logic. A historical perspective on the importance of service and service innovation will be followed by a discussion of (1) ways of thinking about value, and (2) ways of thinking about the future of service. The International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (pronounced I-ZIP) is a non-profit professional association that provides access to a network of people and free resources to help students, faculty, practitioners, and other professionals learn about Service Innovation from a Service Science and Service-Dominant Logic perspective. To improve value co-creation in existing service systems, it is helpful to understand how groups use practical tools such as Value Network Mapping and Analysis. To inspire the design of new service innovations and value co-creation mechanisms, it is helpful to understand important technology, business, and societal trends, such as cognitive systems.
Additional Resources:
Presentation:
http://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/2030-inspire-students-to-build-it-better-20150113-v3
Service Science Blog website:
http://www.service-science.info
Service Dominant Logic website:
http://www.sdlogic.net/
Practical Tool (OnLine Book): Thinking About Value with Value Network Analysis (Verne Allee)
http://www.valuenetworksandcollaboration.com/home/tableofcontents.html
Example Technology Trend Discussion – Cognitive Systems
https://www.linkedin.com/groups/Cognitive-Systems-Institute-6729452
Example Technology Trend Website – Cognitive Systems
http://www.cognitive-science.info
ISSIP website:
http://www.issip.org
ISSIP Discussion:
https://www.linkedin.com/groups/International-Society-Service-Innovation-Professionals-4720974
Join ISSIP (Free) – International Society of Service Innovation Professionals
http://www.issip.org/wp-login.php?action=register
Prof. Steve Kwan (SJSU) alerted me to this opportunity:
Hello All –
The Global City Teams Challenge is an initiative designed to advance the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies within a smart city / smart community environment. More than 30 teams are pursuing projects related to sectors including public safety, energy and transportation. Participants in the Global City Teams Challenge are working to deploy an emerging technology within a cyber-physical system (CPS) by June 2015.
The Tech Jam will provide:
Who Should Attend the Tech Jam?
To register for Tech Jam click here.To learn more about the Global City Teams Challenge visit our website for more information about the Challenge. Have questions about the Challenge or the Tech Jam, please email sokwoo.rhee@nist.gov or william.maguire@us-ignite.org.
Best regards,
Sokwoo Rhee
Associate Director, Cyber-Physical Systems
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Hopeing to see you at ICServ 2015.
Please take 30 minutes to request that three colleagues submit an abstract to ICServ 2015 before Jan 18th deadline…
Please submit your abstract and/or paper through the Online Conference System (OCS) powered by Springer: http://ocs.springer.com/ocs/home/ICServ2015
You can use the information below to promote our conference before the abstract deadline on 18 January – thanks!
***
Conference: The 3rd international conference on Serviceology (ICServ 2015) will be held for July 7 – 9, 2015 in San Jose, CA, USA
Theme: Engineering and Management of Smart Service Systems – Cultural Factors in Customer Engagement
The 3rd international conference on Serviceology (ICServ 2015) will be held for July 7 – 9, 2015 in San Jose, CA, USA. It is the first meeting held outside of Japan. The main goal of this conference is to provide opportunities for researchers from academia and industry to share the latest technologies, methodologies, and case studies toward co-creation of services in a sustainable society. ICServ 2015 will run just before Frontiers in Service, the pioneer conference in management of service, which will be held July 9 – 12 at the same venue.
ICServ home page: http://icserv2015.serviceology.org/html/home.html
Call for papers: http://icserv2015.serviceology.org/CfP_ICServ2015V5.pdf
Reminder on important dates: http://icserv2015.serviceology.org/html/important_dates.html
Submit abstract and/or paper here: http://ocs.springer.com/ocs/home/ICServ2015
Please consider submitting an abstract and attending this conference. I encourage you to share this invitation with your networks.
***
Platform companies (collaborative economy) that allow teams of students (multi-disciplinary teams) to work on real-world business and societal challenges to build their career path networks – continue to emerge, ensuring that universities are the startup engines of their regions:
http://www.springtheory.com/
http://www.skild.com/
https://www.coursolve.org/
http://www.realindustry.org/about-us/
http://expe.stanford.edu/index.php/Main/SUGAR
http://www.demola.net/
https://www.eswusa.org/
http://www.ninesigma.com/
http://crowdsmart.net/
https://www.fiatphysica.com/
https://www.younoodle.com/
http://studentcompetitions.com/
http://victorinox2014.jovoto.com/
http://www.realworlddesignchallenge.org/
https://www.mindsumo.com/
http://www.kaggle.com/
http://www.ncet2.org/
http://www.globalcorporateventuring.com/pages/triple-helix-venturing-for-the-longer-term.html
http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/uidp/index.htm
http://ashokau.org/programs/changemaker-campus/
http://www.destinationimagination.org/
https://toughmudder.com/
http://vator.tv/company/moremarbles-com
https://www.mentormint.com/
VCIC – Venture Capital Investment Competition
http://www.vcic.org/
VCIC is very interesting, and I did not know about them. I found this especially interesting:
“Our judges are venture capitalists, who come to VCIC for the opportunity to reconnect with their alma maters,
network with other VCs and get a peek at some early stage startups as well as bright MBAs.”
Digital platform as a service:
http://kivuto.com/
Kickstarter is being embraced by many universities and student entrepreneurship groups:
https://www.kickstarter.com/pages/duke
http://www.sandiego.edu/about/news_center/news/news_detail.php?_focus=47965
http://c21u.gatech.edu/blog/kickstarter-new-platform-higher-education-innovation
AUTM has been ranking universities based on local start-up impact on job market and tax base growth:
http://www.autm.net/Home.htm
Old & Suprising Example of AUTM Ranking: http://www.unews.utah.edu/old/p/121710-1.html
Meanwhile Stanford and MIT battle it out at the top: http://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2012/11/06/stanfords-2-7-trillion-economic-jolt-beats-mits-2-trillion/
Professional Association (IEEE, ACM, INFORMS, AAAI, AIS, ISSIP, IIE, INCOSE, etc.) are doing more to encourage entrepreneurship linking their senior members and student members:
http://www.ieee.org/education_careers/education/university_programs/smarterplanetchallenge.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_International_Collegiate_Programming_Contest
And of course IBM has some relevant partnerships and programs for them.
http://smartercitieschallenge.org/
http://ibmsmartcamp.com/
Previously, I had written about some of these here:
Service System Analytics: https://service-science.info/archives/2177
How can universities win the race with ever smarter machines: https://service-science.info/archives/2558
Tip: Starting a new university competition: https://service-science.info/archives/2538
California leading a transformation of higher education: https://service-science.info/archives/2692
NSF Virtual Forum: Smart Service Systems: https://service-science.info/archives/3209
If students need a professional association, I recommend ISSIP.org. Students can join ISSIP.org (free to join here) and participate in ISSIP mentoring projects: https://service-science.info/archives/3084
A proposal for establishing the serviciology, i.e. the science & the teaching about the service as such, has been compiled at end of the year 2014. It has been explained & illustrated in the slide deck below.
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/serviciology-service-terminology-and-service-taxonomy-v010000
By systematically developing & permanently establishing the discipline of serviciology shall be created the terminological & conceptual, methodical & practical foundations for reliable & cost-efficient service providing management (= servuction management).
Part 01 of this venture deals with
Based on the feedbacks & comments, incitements & suggestions, corrections & complements out of the community, this fundamental part will be advanced & detailed, completed & improved. Further parts of the serviciology will be worked out & framed in appropriate documentations.
The ongoing discussion about the meaning of service….
Contributors: Stuart Rance, Andreas Weick, Paul Huppertz, Peter Bergmann, Mathias Traugott, Michael Geyer, Peter Brooks, Christian Nissan, Charles Betz, Majid Iqbal
POST_2_1: By Paul Huppertz
The definitions below evoke the following questions:
How and/or by means of which criteria is a required and/or desired service type practically
Furthermore
Paul Huppertz
POST_2_2: By Paul Huppertz
A tool, more precisely: a physical good is a set of functions. These functions have been implemented into the tool so that they are immanent. A tool user can actuate these functions whenever he needs to and/or wants to without the maker of the tool being present or involved.
In contrast, service-specific benefits must be effectuated from scratch by the accountable service provider whenever an authorized service consumer explicitly triggers a service. Thus, service consumer and service provider are simultaneously involved in the course of each singular & unique service transaction. This is marked as “inseparability of service” in the acronym IHIP.
Paul Huppertz
POST_2_3: By Peter Brooks
On 17 December 2014 at 22:10, Majid Iqbal <mxiqbal@dhashc.com> wrote:
> My belief is that, based on the fundamentals of economics, there are only
> two kinds of products: goods and services.
>
> Therefore the term “production” applies to services, and the distinction
> between “products and services” is archaic and poorly founded. Services are
> products with a special form factor. Service management is product
> management, in the same way as botany and zoology are biology.
>
> If we can rid ourselves with the deeply ingrained habit of saying “products
> and services”, there is a whole new level of clarity and depth of
> understanding on how and why services are the preferred form factor in which
> we package and deliver value; or purchase and consume it.
>
I agree.
It’s a little like wave – particle duality. You can define goods so
that they’re very clearly not services, and visa-versa, but you find
it difficult to do it.
That’s because, in the real world, it’s very difficult to think of any
example of goods that are sold with absolutely no element of service
involved – or, contrariwise, of services that involve absolutely no
element of being ‘goods’.
It’s a false and misleading dichotomy – even if you do manage to find
something that is a ‘pure’ service or good, that misses the point.
Services is the more complete view, so to say that goods are a subset
of services and get on with defining services makes perfect sense.
Peter Brooks
POST_2_4: By Paul Huppertz
The proposed definition of the term ‘service’ is based on
The service terminology has been compiled in a glossary where further terms & definitions can be found (in German)
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/servicialisierung-glossar-serviceterminologie-v070000
Paul Huppertz
POST_2_5: By Peter Brooks
I agree with the general tenor of the discussion – very strongly!
Peter Brooks <peter.h.m.brooks@gmail.com>
POST_2_6: By Charles Betz
POST_2_7: By Christian Nissan
Christian F. Nissen
CFN People A/S
Linde allé 1
DK-2600 Glostrup
Phone: +45 40 19 41 45
e-mail: cfn@cfnpeople.com
Web: www.cfnpeople.com
(FSM, CGEIT, CISM, ITIL Master, TIPA Lead Assessor, ISO/IEC 20000 Consultant, TOGAF 9 Certified, COBIT 5 Certified, PRINCE2 Foundation, Certified Board member, Graduate Diploma in Business Administration (HD(O)), Datanom, Gold medal from the University of Copenhagen)
POST_2_8: By Paul Huppertz
Quite the contrary: Generally, there are several profound differences between manufacturing goods and rendering services. These differences are independent of the numbers:
Firstly,
of making goods (= production) are fundamentally different from these of rendering services (= servuction).
In particular, whilst the fabricant determines at which point in time are fabricated how many copies of a type of physical good, the authorized consumers determine at which points in time services of a certain service type must be instantaneously effectuated & reliably rendered to each of them who explicitly triggers one. In other words:
Secondly, whilst a fabricant hands over the output of a fabrication, i.e. a physical good, to a buyer, each triggering service consumer hands over his physical or logical service object to the servuction environment and/or to the custody & control of the accountable service provider in order that the latter effectuates the service-specific benefit to his service object for purposefully changing its status so that its final status satisfies the current exigencies & expectations of the triggering service consumer. Not before the status of his service object has been changed, the triggering service consumer can efficiently execute his upcoming activity.
Thirdly, with his explicit service trigger the service consumer configures the triggered service by making pre-settings and/or input requirement for the rendering of this singular service. For instance, for each explicitly triggering e-mailing service, the sender (= service consumer) of the e-mail (= service object) will wright a certain text, select certain addresses, attach certain files, set the level of priority or confidentiality. All these configuration details make each triggered e-mailing service unique.
Thus, each explicitly triggered service of the same type is different from any other service of this type in several details. For instance, each taxi service, more precisely car-based people transporting service is different from any other because
In other words: If 50 taxi services are rendered within one hour by one taxi service provider, each & every taxi service will be singular & unique, unrepeatable & irreversible.
Furthermore, there is only a certain time slot within which the explicitly triggered service can be conveniently rendered to the triggering service. For instance, when a taxi passenger wants to catch a flight, he must arrive at a certain point in time at the airport. If the taxi service is rendered too late and/or too slow because of traffic jam the passenger arrives too late at the airport so that he can’t catch his flight; in other word: he cannot efficiently execute his upcoming activity, in this case: flying to his destination.
Finally, the triggering service consumer definitively can check if the status has been reliably rendered by means of the final status of his service object, either at once & directly or later & indirectly. Mainly, this depends on the type of service object
Whilst the changed status of the service object is the service output that can be impartially verified by all parties involved, the service experience of the triggering service consumer only can be perceived by himself. This is about his feelings & perceptions in the course of service rendering as well as about his rating & his individual satisfaction. The service provider only can stimulate and/or moderate this, but never determine it. This significant difference between the impartial service output and the subjective service experience has been carved out & explained by Robert Johnston & Graham Clark in their book ‘Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery’.
POST_2_9: By Paul Huppertz
“The journey to & through the feral Servicetan begins in the quagmire of the term ‘service’.”
[Servísophos]
In other words:
Most of the confusion & many misconceptions as well as dissatisfying & inefficient service providing (management) is caused by inadequate and/or misleading interpretations of the term ‘service’ and its meaning:
As long as there is no consensus and no common understanding of the term ‘service’ and its meaning, dissatisfaction & complaints, confusion and inefficiency will stay in all areas. Astonishingly, this is the case although service providing is as aged as human culture. Whilst in nature it is all about functions and/or functional interdependencies, human beings are capable to prepare & perform service rendering, in other words: purposefully effectuating benefits for a beneficiary. In combination with the roots of the word ‘service’ – it derives from the Latin word ‘servire’ – ‘to attend some, to minister to someone, to be a slave’ – , this leads to the crisp & clear definition: “A service is a set of benefits.”. Allowing for the inevitable & unalterable service characteristics, mainly intangibility & immateriality, insubstantiality & perishability, the clear & complete, consistent & coherent definition of the term ‘service’ reads:
A service is a set of one-time consumable and perishable benefits.
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/issip-service-word-and-term-20140827-v010000
From this definition can be derived and explained:
Analysing the paraphrases above brings to light:
All the methods & measures are based on the service terminology with conclusive & mutually consistent definitions of service terms & their synonyms.
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/servicialisierung-glossar-serviceterminologie-v070000
POST_2_10: By Paul Huppertz
Some contribution to the essential debate
POST_2_11: By Paul Huppertz
This evokes the following questions:
POST_2_12: By Stuart Rance
Peter,
I don’t think we have “dodged” the definition of service at all. Our current definition reads…
A SERVICE is an aggregation of a service engagement with one or more service acts between two or more service systems creating service outcomes
Regards,
StuartR
POST_2_13 By Peter Huppertz
Any practical approach necessitates an appropriate perception of the terminology, foundations of acting, required outputs & outcomes.
POST_2_14 By Mathias Traugott
Dear all
Since years I use this simple definition – and it works through all businesses, including my own:
A service is a set of benefits.
Merry Christmas & happy new year.
Mathias
_____________________________________
Mathias Traugott
CEO
IT unlimited Schweiz AG
Bleichemattstrasse 42
CH-5000 Aarau
Fon +41 43 277 09 00
Fax +41 43 277 09 01
Mobile +41 79 459 90 51
eMail: mathias.traugott@itunlimited.ch
POST_2_15: By Peter Bergmann
Thanks Mathias – that’s is also the definition that I using successfully last years.
Have a good Christmas Time for all. And a happy new year.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen / best Regards / Distinti Saluti
Peter Bergmann
POST_2_16 By Paul Huppertz
The paraphrase below evokes the question how a term can be defined by using the term itself, and that 4 times?
This is a logical deadlock and doesn’t help in any way, in particular not as a foundation for any method or measure of service providing management.
Nobody would define a physical good by means of the physical good itself:
A table is a an aggregation of a table agreement with one or more table acts between two or more table systems creating table outcomes. ?-| &-|
Even describing in detail how a table is made by which party with which tools is no definition of a table itself. Instead, the function of a table is its essence and the foundation for defining the term ‘table’.
Please forgive me, but this reveals that neither the essence of services is considered or understood nor the service characteristics are appropriately allowed for.
It is no doubt that services are rather tricky phenomena, but this intricacy cannot be resolved my means of a self-referencing definition.
As another option we should try to falsify the following paraphrase and learn from this:
“A service is a set of one-time consumable and perishable benefits.”
Paul
Paul G Huppertz <Paul.G.Huppertz@servicevolution.com>
POST_2_17: By Andreas Weick
To my mind there are several issues due to those terms:
A SERVICE is an aggregation of a service engagement with one or more service acts between two or more service systems creating service outcomes
This term describes more or less the act of accomplishing the benefits including the participants but not the “Service” itself
A set of benefits
A tool used by myself provides me a set of benefits, but does this really mean the tool “delivers a service” to me?
Kind regards
Andreas
Andreas WEICK <andreas.weick@steria-mummert.de>
POST_2_18: By Stuart Rance
Andreas,
It may help if people consider the set of related definitions together…
A SERVICE OFFER is a proposal from a service provider (service system) to a service consumer (service system) for a potential future service engagement
EXAMPLE Outside the airport is a sign saying “TAXI” that tells you, that one or more taxi companies offer transportation services from here. In the windows of the taxis in line you can see the standard rates that you would have to pay.
A SERVICE ENGAGEMENT (collaboration) is a formal or informal specification of agreed expectations, rights, obligations and interfaces of two or more service systems
EXAMPLE You enter the front taxi in the line and ask if the driver accepts credit cards. The driver confirms that he accepts credit cards so you tell him where you want to go and he confirms that he knows where that is.
A SERVICE ACT (the “moment of truth”) is an interaction that achieves value co-creation between service systems
EXAMPLE The driver takes you to your destination, you talk together on the way, you ask him to turn the air-conditioning down a bit and he draws your attention to a few tourist attractions along the route. At the destination you pay by credit card, get the receipt and give a good tip because you were pleased with the service.
SERVICE OUTCOME is the consequences for the stakeholders involved in a specific service act between one or more service systems
EXAMPLE
For you: You get to your destination safely and in time, so you manage to close an important deal for your company. You learn about some tourist attractions that you may want to visit.
For the driver: He gets his payment and the tip. He is placed at a new location for his next passenger
For the taxi company: They get revenue, and they get an enhanced reputation (because you feel positive about this taxi company and recommend them to your friends)
A SERVICE SYSTEM (provider, consumer, integrator etc.) is a dynamic configuration of intents, capabilities and resources that can create value with other service systems through co-creation.
EXAMPLE There are three service systems in this example. Each has its own intents, resources and capabilities.
You are one service system, acting as the service consumer.
The taxi driver is another service system, acting as the service provider.
The taxi company is a third service system, acting as a service broker or service integrator.
A SERVICE is an aggregation of a service engagement with one or more service acts between two or more service systems creating service outcomes
EXAMPLE The service is the combination of the service offer, the service engagement, and the service acts between the service systems, which create the service outcomes.
Regards,
StuartR
Stuart Rance <StuartR@rances.net>
POST_2_19: By Peter Bergmann
Hi Andreas,
I aggree with your statements.
„A SERVICE is an aggregation of a service engagement with one or more service acts between two or more service systems creating service outcomes”
Is not usable and “gibberish“ – in my opinion. The Service is a set of benefits…
Mit freundlichen Grüßen / best Regards / Distinti Saluti
Peter Bergmann
Geschäftsführer
Tel.: +49 89 6655 0862 | Mobil: +49 171 868 48 09 | e-mail: peter.bergmann@elleta.net
elleta München GmbH
Alte Landstrasse 23 | 85521 Ottobrunn | Deutschland | www.elleta.net
IT-Consulting | IT-Management | IT-Business Development | Transformation-2-IT
Peter Bergmann <Peter.Bergmann@elleta.net>
POST_2_20: By Michael Geyer
Hi,
I am glad that the discussion has been shifting into this direction. Coming from the “sales-side of life”, I think that a customer/consumer is the main party that decides whether or not it would like to consider something as a service. Thus, I think that a service definition should be about benefits.
… Service
In my opinion, the 5 I’s won’t help much as characteristics for a service. In addition I think, that it may be that hard to distinguish between products and services because services could become products at a point.
Merry Christmas from Eckental J,
Michael
Michael Geyer
Head of Partner Management
OMNINET GmbH, D-90542 Eckental
T.: +49 (0) 91 26 25 979 152
C.: +49 (0) 171 490 46 22
This blog post captures a discussion on the meaning of service from multiple perspectives.
Contributors: Paul Huppertz, Majid Iqbal, Peter Brooks, Steven Alter, Robert Falowitz, Peter Bergmann, Charles Betz, Stuart Rance
See below for POST_1 to Post_14 …
POST_1: by Paul Huppertz
Dear all,
inspired by the illuminative & path-breaking thought
I have worked out the 3 main elements of the generic business model for service providers
This is illustrated in the slide deck of seminar ES20 ‘Service Provider – Service-Trilemma & Geschäftsmodell’
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/seminar-es20-service-provider-2015-v010000
This seminar is one out of the training series ‘ServicEducation – Methodik der Service-Erbringung’ as explained in the document below
Furthermore, I given a lecture about the foundations & methods of reliable & cost-efficient service providing management
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/vorlesung-it-servicemanagement-blockvorlesung-02-v010000
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/vorlesung-itservice-management-blockvorlesung-06-v010100
Altogether, it might be the right point in time to prepare & establish the Serviciology, i.e. the science & the teaching about the service as such.
https://www.xing.com/communities/posts/serviciologie-klaerung-des-fachbegriffs-1005385005
What do you think about all this?
Kind regards & a satisfying end of the year
Paul
Paul G. Huppertz
Servicing Consultant & Service Composer
servicEvolution
Schöne Aussicht 41
65396 Walluf
Deutschland/Germany/Герма́ния
E-Mail Paul.G.Huppertz@servicEvolution.com
Mobilnetz +49-15 20-9 84 59 62
Festnetz +49-61 23-74 04 16
XING https://www.xing.com/profile/PaulG_Huppertz
Einladung zu XING https://www.xing.com/go/invite/5916793
LinkedIn http://www.linkedin.com/in/paulghuppertz
SlideShare http://www.slideshare.net/PaulGHz
POST_2: by Jim Spohrer
Hi Paul,
Thanks for your note.
You may want to post it as a discussion thread here:
https://www.linkedin.com/groups/International-Society-Service-Innovation-Professionals-4720974
I am still working on getting volunteers lined up to do some concept maps of the many theories of service out there.
Happy Holidays And Best Wishes For New Year 2015!
-Jim
Dr. James (“Jim”) C. Spohrer
Director, IBM University Programs (IBM UP) and Cognitive Systems Institute
IBM Research – Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120 USA
spohrer@us.ibm.com 408-927-1928 (o) 408-829-3112 (c)
Innovation Champion
@JimSpohrer
slideshare.net/spohrer
linkedin.com/in/spohrer
POST_3: by Paul Huppertz
Dear all,
I wonder why we are not talking about servistries in the tertiary sector of the economy, i.e. about enterprises rendering services of different service types, e.g.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy
This would be a clear conceptual distinction from the industries in the secondary sector of economy with all the enterprises making physical goods and/or systems of different types.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy
Furthermore, this would implicitly promote the clear distinction according to the illuminative & path-breaking thought:
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/artikel-le-service-et-sa-servuction-von-pierre-eiglier
Kind regards
Paul
POST_4: by Majid Iqbal
Dear all,
My belief is that, based on the fundamentals of economics, there are only two kinds of products: goods and services.
Therefore the term “production” applies to services, and the distinction between “products and services” is archaic and poorly founded. Services are products with a special form factor. Service management is product management, in the same way as botany and zoology are biology.
If we can rid ourselves with the deeply ingrained habit of saying “products and services”, there is a whole new level of clarity and depth of understanding on how and why services are the preferred form factor in which we package and deliver value; or purchase and consume it.
Best wishes for the New Year!
Regards,
Majid Iqbal <mxiqbal@dhashc.com>
POST_5: by Paul Huppertz
Majid,
even if goods and services are two kinds of products, their characteristics are fundamentally different
Nevertheless, the respective characteristics only are the accident, i.e. the ‘how it is’ (in Latin ‘qualitas’), but not the essence, the ‘what it is’ (in Latin ‘quidditas’)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence
Regarding the essence, the following definitions and explanations are suggested:
http://de.slideshare.net/PaulGHz/issip-service-word-and-term-20140827-v010000
Thus, a service is not a special form factor of a product. Instead, it is a separate & self-contained category of output that is fundamentally different from the other category of output.
This distinction between physical good and service is well-founded and traceable. Furthermore, it reveals that the
of fabricating goods (= production) are fundamentally different from these of rendering services (= servuction).
Finally, a service per se neither can have nor has any value because any & every service as such is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable.
Even reliably rendering an explicitly triggered, singular & unique service has no value, Instead, reliably rendering a service has a service providing price whilst a service as such cannot have a price as it is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable. Rendering a service, i.e. factually effectuating the service-specific benefit to the service object of the triggering service consumer, is fundamentally different from the triggered service, i.e. from the set of one-time consumable & perishable benefits.
Only a service consumer can create value by simultaneously consuming an explicitly triggered & reliably rendered, singular & unique service for efficiently executing his upcoming activity. That’s why he has explicitly triggered a service of this type.
Conclusion:
“The logic that services are lust like goods resembles the logic that apples are like oranges except for their ‘appleness’” [G. Lynn Shostack]
http://www.scribd.com/doc/23720084/Breaking-From-Product-Marketing
All these arguments & explanations are open for further scrutinizing & falsifying according to the guiding principle:
“Only falsifying yields new insights.”
[Karl Raimund Popper]
I’m looking forward for any further discussion about these foundations for reliable & cost-efficient service providing management (= servuction management) for any service type in any servistry. Furthermore, this is about the serviciology, i.e. the science of the service as such and about the generic service providing theory (= servuction theory).
https://www.xing.com/communities/posts/serviciologie-klaerung-des-fachbegriffs-1005385005
Best regards & best wishes for a prosperous New Year
Paul
POST_6, POST_7, POST_8 by Paul Huppertz, Peter Brooks, Majid Iqbal
Dear all,
from my perspective the appropriate rule in the context reads:
“An explicit dissent is yielding more than a diffuse consensus.”
Obviously, we have an explicit dissent regarding the definitions and the meanings of the terms ‘product’, ‘physical good’ and ‘service’.
We should try to exploit it in the best possible manner for resolving the relevant questions and issues.
Marked with [PGH] … [/PGH], I will insert my comments and arguments into the message below so that we can piecemeal discuss further details
As we all are explicitly triggering & simultaneously consuming many tens of services every day, we all can double check all these arguments & explanations as versed service consumers.
Kind regards
Paul
Paul G. Huppertz
Servicing Consultant & Service Composer
servicEvolution
Schöne Aussicht 41
65396 Walluf
Deutschland/Germany/Герма́ния
E-Mail Paul.G.Huppertz@servicEvolution.com
Mobilnetz +49-15 20-9 84 59 62
Festnetz +49-61 23-74 04 16
XING https://www.xing.com/profile/PaulG_Huppertz
Einladung zu XING https://www.xing.com/go/invite/5916793
LinkedIn http://www.linkedin.com/in/paulghuppertz
SlideShare http://www.slideshare.net/PaulGHz
—–Ursprüngliche Nachricht—–
Von: Peter Brooks [mailto:peter.h.m.brooks@gmail.com]
Gesendet: Donnerstag, 18. Dezember 2014 04:50
An: Majid Iqbal
On 17 December 2014 at 22:10, Majid Iqbal <mxiqbal@dhashc.com> wrote:
> My belief is that, based on the fundamentals of economics, there are only two kinds of products: goods and services.
[PGH]
Obviously, the roots of the words must be highlighted:
– The word ‘product’ is derived from the Latin word ‘productum’ – ‘manufactured item, merchandise, article, goods, ware’. There is no indication about service.
s. entry ‘productum’ on the web portal ‘frag-caesar.de’ for Latin language
http://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/productum-uebersetzung-2.html
– The word ‘service’ is derived from the Latin word ‘servire’ – ‘to attend someone, to minister to someone, to be a slave’, more precisely: from the past participle ‘servitum’ – ‘served’
There is no indication about product or physical good.
s. entry ‘service’ on the web portal ‘frag-caesar.de’ for Latin language
http://www.frag-caesar.de/lateinwoerterbuch/servire-uebersetzung.html
Conclusion:
In the roots of the words ‘product’ and ‘service’ there is no link between these words or their meanings.
This evokes the question how such a link can come about for the terms ‘product’ and ‘service’.
[/PGH]
> Therefore the term “production” applies to services, and the distinction between “products and services” is archaic and poorly founded.
[PGH]
Regarding the roots of the words, the distinction between product and service is classic and well-founded.
[/PGH]
> Services are products with a special form factor.
[PGH]
This evokes the question how a service can be formed, even from an abstract perspective, in view of the fact that any & every service as such is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable.
[/PGH]
> Service management is product management, in the same way as botany and zoology are biology.
[PGH]
In fact, the term “service management” is an oxymoron like ‘black sun’ as a service per se cannot be managed in any way because any & every service as such is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable. Only service providing can be managed, i.e. effectuating an explicitly triggered, singular & unique service and rendering it explicitly to the triggering service consumer. Thus, service providing management (= servuction management) is the appropriate term.
Product management is an organizational lifecycle function within a company dealing with the planning, forecasting, and production, or marketing of a product or products at all stages of the product lifecycle.
s. Wikipedia entry ‘Product management’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_management
In this case, a product is
– either a type of a precisely identified & concisely specified physical good and its lifecycle is about designing, planning, engineering, fabricating, introducing, selling, retiring
– or a copy of a certain type of physical good the lifecycle of which starts as soon as it is fabricated and ends as soon as it loses its constitutive functions and/or is destroyed.
In both cases, a product lifecycle is fundamentally different from a service lifecycle, because a service is a set of one-time consumable & perishable benefits:
– A service lifecycle, more precisely: the lifecycle of a singular & unique service starts with an explicit service trigger of an authorized service consumer
– The triggering service consumer hands over his physical or logical service object and configures this singular service according to his current exigencies & expectations.
– In the course of the respective singular & unique service transaction the status of the service object is safely & securely changed by effectuating the service-specific benefit to this service object.
– As soon as the service-specific benefit has been completely & terminatorily effectuated to the service object of the triggering service consumer, this explicitly triggered service has been exclusively effectuated for & reliably rendered explicitly to the triggering service consumer. At his point in time, the lifecycle of this singular & unique, unrepeatable & irreversible service definitively ends.
[/PGH]
> If we can rid ourselves with the deeply ingrained habit of saying “products and services”, there is a whole new level of clarity and
> depth of understanding on how and why services are the preferred form factor in which we package and deliver value; or purchase and consume it.
[PGH]
This deeply ingrained habit is rooted in the evolutionary history of the two words as well as in the sociocultural traditions. Ignoring this generates vagueness and far-reaching misconeptions.
A service per se neither has any value nor can get any value because any & every service as such is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable.
Thus, a service neither can be sold nor can be bought nor can be conveyed nor can be owned nor can be lost nor can be (re)found.
Instead, a service (only) is effectuated from scratch on the explicit service trigger of an authorized service consumer.
– With his explicit service trigger the service consumer hands over his physical or logical service object to the servicescape (= servuction environment) and/or to the custody & control of the accountable service provider.
– Thereupon, the service provider must ensure that, in the course of the respective singular & unique service transaction, the status of this service object is purposefully changed so that its final status satisfies the current exigencies & expectations of the triggering service consumer.
– Based on the appropriately changed status of his service object, the triggering service consumer can efficiently execute his upcoming activity creating value in so doing, either in business or in privateness. The latter was the single & sole reason of the service consumer to trigger a service of this type.
s. Wikipedia entry ‘Servicescape’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicescape
[/PGH]
>
I agree.
It’s a little like wave – particle duality. You can define goods so that they’re very clearly not services, and visa-versa, but you find it difficult to do it.
[PGH]
Whilst the physicists still strive for a Grand Unified Theory (GUT), goods and services can be clearly & consistently separated & distinguished from each other.
– A service never can mutate into a physical good in any way or manner, e.g. a taxi service never can mutate into a taxi car.
– A physical good never can mutate into a service in any way or manner, e.g. a taxi car never can mutate into a taxi service, more precisely: into a car-based people transporting service
s. Wikipedia entry ‘Grand Unified Theory’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory
[/PGH]
That’s because, in the real world, it’s very difficult to think of any example of goods that are sold with absolutely no element of service involved – or, contrariwise, of services that involve absolutely no element of being ‘goods’.
[PGH]
A physical good is a set of repeatedly executable & persistent functions that are immanent to it. In contrast, the is neither a benefit nor a service in a physical good, even if many services may have been triggered & consumed for engineering & fabricating this copy of the physical good.
A service cannot be(come) immanent to anything because any & every service
– as such is intangible & immaterial, insubstantial & perishable
– is effectuated from scratch on the explicit service trigger of an authorized service consumer and rendered explicitly to the triggering service consumer
– is simultaneously consumed by the triggering service consumer for efficiently executing his upcoming activity creating value in so doing.
[/PGH]
It’s a false and misleading dichotomy – even if you do manage to find something that is a ‘pure’ service or good, that misses the point.
[PGH]
In fact, the clear & consistent distinction between goods and services is no dichotomy as they have never been a whole.
s. Wikipedia entry ‘Dichotomy’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy
Thus, there is no mixture between services and goods as suggested in the ‘service-commodity goods-continuum’
s. Wikipedia entry ‘Service-commodity goods continnum’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)#Service-commodity_goods_continuum
Instead, a physical good and/or system
– either is service object, i.e. goods & chattels of the triggering service consumer, e.g. a house to be cleaned or a plumbing to be repaired
– or a service output, i.e. a freshly prepared meal as service output of an explicitly triggered & reliably rendered catering service in the restaurant (= servicescape/servuction environment).
[/PGH]
Services is the more complete view, so to say that goods are a subset of services and get on with defining services makes perfect sense.
[PGH]
Service is a completely separate & self-contained perception of a certain benefit that must be effectuated to a service object of an authorized service consumer on his explicit service trigger.
There may be certain goods and/or systems required the service-relevant functions of which must be executed for effectuating & rendering an explicitly triggered, singular & unique service, but a good and/or system never will be(come) a part of a service or vice-versa.
[/PGH]
POST_9 by Steven Alter
The definition of service has been debated for years, usually with no serious attempt to test the definitions against a wide range of examples. The following explains why many service definitions fail and suggests that service definitions should be tested against simple service situations.
Definitions that fail. Many definitions of service have been proposed. Many of them rely on specific characteristics that apply to varying degrees to most things that are considered services, but also, ironically, apply to varying degrees to most things that are considered products or goods. Examples of such characteristics include intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, perishability, coproduction, value co-creation, economic exchange, customer relationships, etc. (Yes, products/goods also exhibit varying degrees of intangibility, heterogeneity, co-production, etc.)
Definitions of service that rely on such characteristics fail frequently because those concepts apply to varying degrees to both products and services, and therefore do not really distinguish between products and services.
That becomes obvious when definitions are confronted with simple examples of things that most people consider to be services. We should not have definitions of service that fail frequently. The discussion of how service should be defined requires testing of the definitions using simple, everyday examples.
Criteria for a definition of service. Here are some criteria for a definition of service:
1) easily understood by typical people, not just PhDs, philosophers, and lawyers.
2) makes sense in relation to almost all situations that most people consider to be services.
3) robust, in the sense that a minor change in an offering to a customer will not flip the offering from being a product to being a service.
I believe that almost any set of simple examples (i.e., not just one or two cherry-picked examples) will demonstrate that the only practical definition of service is somewhat similar to the types of definitions that are in dictionaries, i.e. in essence, doing something for someone else. The definition of that type that I currently prefer is:
…. Services are acts or groups of acts performed with the intention of providing outcomes for the benefit of others.
Aside from satisfying the three criteria, a minor restatement of that definition applies to service computing: …. Services are acts or groups of acts performed by one entity (or group of entities) to produce outcomes that are received and used by other entities.
YES/NO distinction between product and service. The YES/NO distinction between product and service actually is of very little importance when analyzing or designing an offering to internal and/or external customers. Much more important is finding is an appropriate degree of intangibility, heterogeneity, coproduction, value co-creation etc. that achieves an appropriate compromise between provider interests and customer interests.
Seeing those characteristics as design dimensions rather than YES/NO distinctions does not trivialize the contribution of thinking in terms of services, however. A pure provider/producer viewpoint is often inadequate because it pays too little attention to the purpose of the provider’s activities. Thorough analysis and design requires consideration of how customers create value for themselves with the help of whatever the provider offers. Customers may prefer greater involvement/ interaction with providers or may prefer less involvement/ interaction.
Examples. Below I provide several typical examples to test the proposed definition of service. In each case, I provide a series of different possible offerings that address a general need. In each case, some of the offerings are more intangible, more heterogeneous, rely more on coproduction, involve a greater extent of value co-creation, etc. In each case, other offerings are less intangible, less heterogeneous, rely less on coproduction, involve a lower extent of co-creation, etc. Whether or not each possible offering is a product versus a service is unimportant. The important issue is resolving inherent conflicts between provider interests (e.g., profitability, efficiency, reputation, business sustainability, etc.) and customer interests (value, cost minimization, convenience, pleasure, etc.)
The set of offerings for each example starts with something that seems product-like (more about delivering something that the customer will use) and ends with something that seems more service-like (performing actions that the customer values). In each case, PhDs and lawyers might be able to decide the point of transition between product versus service in the set of offerings. The more important issue for both providers and customers is finding an offering that represents the right balance along a series of design dimensions that include (among many others):
… tangible and intangible,
… standard and customized,
… produced and delivered versus coproduced,
… value through use of something delivered versus value through co-creation activities that involve providers directly, etc.
Example 1: food for dinner
Here are some possible offerings:
– sell food items that customers can use to cook their own dinners
– sell warm, pre-cooked dinners at a grocery store
– stock the customer’s refrigerator based on weekly orders
– deliver dinners to the customer’s home based on one time orders
– go to customer homes and cook dinner for them
Example 2: powering of jet aircraft
– sell jet engines that the customers own and maintain themselves
– sell jet engines that customers own and maintain themselves, with a contractual service-level agreement and cost model that is contingent on competent maintenance efforts by the customers
– sell jet engines the customers own and also provide maintenance for those jet engines as part of the purchase contract
-sell “power by the hour” thereby addressing the customer’s fundamental need (power for aircraft) without requiring capital expenditure for purchasing jets.
Example 3: knowledge of economics
– Sell an economics textbook
– Sell an economics textbook that includes computerized exercises
– Sell an economics textbook that includes computerized exercises plus access to a student run learning group
– Sell an economics textbook that includes computerized exercises plus limited access to a tutor
– Provide an online course in the form of a MOOC attended by thousands of students and monitored by teaching assistants in a low-wage country
– Provide an online course augmented by direct tutoring
– Provide a university course taught by a professor in a small class setting
– Provide extensive one-on-one tutoring in economics
The proposed definition of service applies to all of the offerings for all three examples. Each offering can be modified slightly in the direction of having characteristics that are more product-like (more tangible, more standardized, more produced and delivered, etc.) or characteristics that are more service-like (less tangible, less standardized, coproduced to a greater degree, etc.). Thus, product vs. service is actually quite useful as a way to describe a set of design dimensions for improving or modifying whatever is being offered to customers. Consistent with service-dominant logic, almost any economic activity can be viewed as a service. Thinking of almost any economic activity as a services is useful because it encourages appropriate consideration of what customers want or need.
Steven Alter, Ph.D.
Steven Alter <alter@usfca.edu>
Professor of Information Systems
University of San Francisco
www.stevenalter.com
POST_10 by Robert Falkowitz
There is far more in common between mass produced goods (for example, screws or even pins!) and mass produced services (for example, delivering email) than there is between mass produced goods and hand made goods, or between mass produced and bespoke services. And yet, even these sorts of distinctions are no more than poles in a continuum. The common person might consider, for example, that Toyota automobiles are mass produced goods. And yet, Ohno Taiichi saw a world of difference between the nature of production at General Motors and the nature of production with the TPS.
For example, the question of intangibility is largely irrelevant in most cases of mass production. If I go to the store to buy a box of 100 screws, I do not check a sample of the screws for meeting a specification, just as I cannot check a service act, such as email delivery, before it is performed. But, in both cases, I will have sufficient experience with key parts of the value network (the manufacturer, the vendor or the service provider, etc.) to make an informed judgement about whether or not to buy the goods or use the service. And this is true for even the most extreme forms of one-off services, such as commissioning a portrait or hiring an architect to build a new home.
I believe that how to rebuild a national economy when times are tough or how consumers go about the everyday task of choosing goods or services are examples of important issues that should be the foundations of our modeling and our ontologies. If we do not link analyses and syntheses to such questions, hoping instead to jump directly to universalities, then we are condemned to bickering ad infinitum.
-Robert Falkowitz <robert@3cs.ch>
POST_11 by Peter Bergmann
There is far more in common between mass produced goods (for example, screws or even pins!) and mass produced services (for example, delivering email) than there is between mass produced goods and hand made goods, or between mass produced and bespoke services
Okay Robert – a aircraft and a flight are the same?
Mit freundlichen Grüßen / best Regards / Distinti Saluti
Peter Bergmann
Peter Bergmann <Peter.Bergmann@elleta.net>
Geschäftsführer
Tel.: +49 89 6655 0862 | Mobil: +49 171 868 48 09 | e-mail: peter.bergmann@elleta.net
elleta München GmbH
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POST_12 by Majid Iqbal
POST_13 by Charles Betz
Steven [Alter],
Thank you for this. I have learned a lot from your contributions to these discussions.
Charles, [Betz]
That is my preferred use too. Let’s avoid using the unqualified term “service” and refer instead to “service acts”, “service offerings”, “service agreements”, “service outcomes” etc.
Regards,
StuartR
Stuart Rance
Phone: +44 20 8504 2002
Mobile: +44 791 3344 143
Email: StuartR@OptimalServiceManagement.com
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